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Agricultural expansion and the ecological marginalization of forest-dependent people

Abstract
Agricultural expansion into subtropical and tropical forests causes major environmental damage, but its wider social impacts often remain hidden. Forest-dependent smallholders are particularly strongly impacted, as they crucially rely on forest resources, are typically poor, and often lack institutional support. Our goal was to assess forest-smallholder dynamics in relation to expanding commodity agriculture. Using high-resolution satellite images across [ver mas...]
Agricultural expansion into subtropical and tropical forests causes major environmental damage, but its wider social impacts often remain hidden. Forest-dependent smallholders are particularly strongly impacted, as they crucially rely on forest resources, are typically poor, and often lack institutional support. Our goal was to assess forest-smallholder dynamics in relation to expanding commodity agriculture. Using high-resolution satellite images across the entire South American Gran Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot, we digitize individual forest-smallholder homesteads (n = 23,954) and track their dynamics between 1985 and 2015. Using a Bayesian model, we estimate 28,125 homesteads in 1985 and show that forest smallholders occupy much larger forest areas (>45% of all Chaco forests) than commonly appreciated and increasingly come into conflict with expanding commodity agriculture (18% of homesteads disappeared; n = 5,053). Importantly, we demonstrate an increasing ecological marginalization of forest smallholders, including a substantial forest resource base loss in all Chaco countries and an increasing confinement to drier regions (Argentina and Bolivia) and less accessible regions (Bolivia). Our transferable and scalable methodology puts forest smallholders on the map and can help to uncover the land-use conflicts at play in many deforestation frontiers across the globe. Such knowledge is essential to inform policies aimed at sustainable land use and supply chains. [Cerrar]
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Author
Levers, Christian;   Romero-Muñoz, Alfredo;   Baumann, Matthias;   De Marzo, Teresa;   Fernandez, Pedro David;   Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio;   Gavier Pizarro, Gregorio Ignacio;   de Waroux, Yann le Polain;   Piquer Rodríguez, María;   Semper Pascual, Asunción;   Kuemmerle, Tobias;  
Fuente
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 118 (44) : e2100436118 (2021)
Date
2021-11-02
Editorial
National Academy of Sciences
ISSN
0027-8424
1091-6490 (online)
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/10683
https://www.pnas.org/content/118/44/e2100436118
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100436118
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artículo
Proyectos (ver más)

INTA/PNNAT-1128052/AR./Desarrollo de herramientas y validación de metodologías para el estudio, gestión y manejo de los sistemas productivos, contribuyendo a su resiliencia socio agroambiental.

Palabras Claves
Deforestation; Livelihoods; Deforestación; Argentina; Medios de Vida; Subtropical and Tropical dry Forests and Savannahs; Commodity Frontiers; Small Scale Agriculture; Agricultura en Pequeña Escala;
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Excepto donde se diga explicitamente, este item se publica bajo la siguiente descripción: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 2.5)
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