Análisis económico-financiero de la integración forestal, silvopastoril e intensificación ganadera a un modelo de cría bovina convencional a pasto en Corrientes, Argentina = Economic and financial analysis of the forest, silvopastoral and cattle intensification integrated on conventional cattle breeding on grasslands, Corrientes, Argentina

Abstract

En un contexto mundial de creciente preocupación por disminuir los impactos negativos de las actividades antrópicas en el medio ambiente, la producción de carne bovina está siendo juzgada en varios círculos de la sociedad por su potencial contaminante, fundamentalmente asociado a la emisión de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Esto se ve reflejado en mercados de productos de origen agropecuario cada vez más exigentes con estándares ambientales requeridos, en el caso de la ganadería bovina resulta crítico el contenido de carbono por unidad de producto y la certificación de producción libre de deforestación. Asimismo, la cría bovina constituye una actividad productiva que contribuye a múltiples objetivos que se plantea la agenda de desarrollo sostenible de forma directa o indirecta, fundamentalmente: 1) seguridad alimentaria y medios de vida, 2) salud humana, y 3) sustentabilidad de los ecosistemas y cambio climático.

In a national and international context where livestock production faces criticism due to its polluting potential, especially related to greenhouse gas emissions, alternatives are being explored to mitigate this environmental impact without compromising producers' income. The objective of this study is to analyze and compare the productive and economic results (ex-ante) of conventional cattle raising model and four contrasting models that combine forestry production and/or intensification of meat production. The financial analysis demonstrates that the four alternatives are viable, since a positive incremental Net Present Value (NPV) (with respect to the conventional model) is obtained for them: A1) cattle ranching combined with silvopastoral production USD 105449, A2) cattle ranching combined with forestation USD 4691, A3) intensified cattle ranching with mega-thermal pasture USD 157936 and A4) cattle ranching combined with intensive silvopastoral production with mega-thermal pasture USD 145770. The costs structures of the intensive options A3 and A4 are significantly higher than A1 and A2, and A4 requires more substantial investments in the early years. However, the A3 achieves a faster recovery of annual net income, similar to the conventional livestock farming. Alternative A4, on the other hand, recovers that level of income in twice the time. For both options, it is advisable to consider some type of financing to soften the reduction of income in the first years.