Dynamics of shoot and fruit growth following fruit thinning in olive trees: same season and subsequent season responses

Abstract

The need to understand how the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in olive trees is modified by different crop loads has become more important over the last 20 years due to increasing planting densities and the greater use of irrigation. The objectives of this study conducted in a well-irrigated olive orchard were to: (1) evaluate shoot and fruit growth dynamics following fruit thinning during the same growing season in which thinning was applied and during the next growing season; and to (2) determine crop load effects on bloom, fruit set, and fruit yield over three growing seasons. Hand-thinning of fruit 35 days after full bloom on 9-year-old cv. ‘Arauco’ trees in an “on” year led to thinning treatments of 24, 48, and 87% with respect to an unthinned control. Apical and lateral shoot elongation were measured every two weeks throughout the growing season, and fruit were sampled to determine fruit weight at the same interval. Apical shoot elongation occurred only early in the season when crop load was medium or high, while apical elongation continued for most of the season when crop load was low. Elongation of laterals contributed significantly to total shoot elongation on fruit-bearing branches in trees with low crop loads after thinning the first season. Individual fruit dry weight was reduced about 40% by high crop loads in both seasons. Differences in relative growth rates of both the shoots and the fruit due to crop load suggest fruit growth was limited by photoassimilate availability early in the season, but shoot growth was limited most of the season under medium and high crop loads. Inflorescence number per shoot was reduced by crop load in the two seasons following the thinning event. Fresh fruit yield was only reduced in one of the two biennia (i.e., periods of 2 years) in the trees that were heavily thinned (87%) the first season. The trees in which about one-half (48%) of the fruit were thinned the first season did not show biennia yield reductions and maintained a low alternate bearing index over three seasons. Thus, chemical thinning could be applied in growing seasons with high flowering. Further studies are needed to better assess competition for resources between shoots and fruit with the ultimate goal of reducing alternate bearing.