Maximizing soybean growth and yield: the impact of dual foliar inoculation with Azospirillum argentinense strains

Abstract

Inoculation methods significantly impact the effectiveness of biofertilizers, with seed inoculation being the most widely used. However, factors such as chemical treatments, root exudates, and environmental stress can hinder their success. In this context, foliar spray inoculation is becoming popular as it minimizes the factors that could interfere with the beneficial effects of Azospirillum. Given that A. argentinense Az39 and Az19 strains can alleviate drought stress, promote growth, and enhance productivity, this study aimed to assess the effects of dual foliar spray inoculation with strains in soybean.